Retro-fit information Click link for more info!
Attic Ventilation
Common Problem
Probably the most common problem encountered in home inspections is lack of attic ventilation. Most people don’t understand the full meaning and benefits of good attic ventilation. There is also a lack of understanding of how to size and position vents for an adequate design.
Attic ventilation is one of the most important factors affecting the long term health of a house. Wood rot, mildew, peeling exterior paint, rusty nails and structural steel, roofing deterioration, energy losses, and other problems are often the direct result of inadequate attic ventilation. Wood damaging pests such as carpenter ants and termites are attracted to moisture buildup and rot which is often caused by inadequate ventilation.
Ironically, improving ventilation conditions can often be accomplished with low to moderate cost expenditures. Once a homeowner understands the problems associated with poor ventilation, there is usually a willingness to make these improvements. In a home inspection, the buyer usually will accept the responsibility to improve the ventilation because of the low cost and because of the argumentative nature of the subject. However, when there is significant damage from poor ventilation such as delaminated subroof with substantial mildew buildup, improving the ventilation becomes secondary to repairing the damage.
Heat Control in Summer
It is commonly understood that good ventilation is needed in the attic to control the temperature in the summer. Attic temperatures can reach 150 F in the summer in poorly ventilated homes. The temperature reduction can be dramatic as ventilation is improved. The amount of attic heat that is transmitted to the interior thru the ceiling or walls depends on the level of insulation. It can be shown that, in a poorly ventilated home with less than adequate insulation, more than one ton of air conditioning is needed just to overcome these heat gains.
Ironically, attic fans are most often not the best answer to this problem. An attic fan is only as effective as the positioning and number of complementary vents from which it draws. If roof vents are too close to the attic fan, there could be short circuiting of the vent stream. Power vents tend to draw from a source with the least resistance which nearby vents provide.
The University of Illinois did research on power roof vents controlled by a thermostat in the attic and found that the cooling load in the house was not reduced sufficient to pay for the operation of the fan. They recommended investing the money which may be spent on power vents in more insulation and/or in good natural ventilation system which has no cost of operation. For homes with an existing attic fan during home inspections, we usually discuss methods to make the fan more effective.
On the other hand whole house fans, which are mounted at the attic floor and draw from the home interior, are usually effective in both cooling the attic and house interior and minimizing the use of air conditioning. Whole house fans should be insulated and sealed for the substantial heat losses that can occur during the heating seasons or the savings that occur in the summer will be lost in the winter.
Moisture Control in Winter
The most important aspect of attic ventilation is for drying internal moisture which develops during the heating season. Internal moisture refers to the condensation of more humid interior air when it escapes to cold wall and attic cavities. Warm air can hold more moisture in vapor form than cold air. When that warm air cools, it releases the vapor in the form of condensation. When the ventilation in the attic is not sufficient to dry this condensation, a house can experience mildew buildup, wood rot, delamination of subroofs,. peeling exterior paint, and other problems.
A cold, drafty attic during the winter is the best condition for the health maintenence of a house. Insulation is used to protect the interior house from this cold area.
Without prior knowledge of the consequences, it is a normal instinct to want to close vents in the winter. At a brick-sided home with wood roof sofffits in Aurora, the diligent homeowner blocked the vents every winter and every two years scraped and repainted the soffits and roof fascia area. Another Glen Ellyn couple had a walk-up attic and every winter blocked off the large end gable attic vents. The internal moisture buildup one winter got so heavy on the subroof that they replaced the roof because they thought it was leaking.
Sources of Internal Moisture
There are many sources of increased humidity in the house air during the heating season. Humidifiers, either portable or attached to furnaces, have the specific purpose of adding moisture to the air for health, comfort, and other considerations. The human body can give off over a pound of water per day to the surrounding air. Cooking, showers, and baths, add water to the interior air.
By far, the largest supplier of humidity to the interior air can be uncovered ground areas, such as in a crawl space. When open ground in a crawl space is not covered by a vapor barrier, such as a polyethylene sheet, there is an unlimited and continuous supply of vapors from ground water. The ground surface does not have to be wet or damp to supply moisture to the air because vapors from the underlying moisture will pass. The cost to correct this problem is low and relatively easy to execute. Just cover the ground with a 4 or 6 mil Visquene (polyethylene) sheet and try to cover all of the ground.
Ventilation Methods
Generally accepted guidelines call for a minimum 1 square foot of free ventilation area for each 300 square feet of attic ceiling area when there is a vapor barrier at the ceiling. When there is no vapor barrier over the attic ceiling the ratio changes to 1 to 150. Free vent area refers to the unrestricted space of an opening . The screen or louver covering reduces the opening, so the ventilation area has to be increased accordingly. For example, one eighth inch screening if clean restricts the opening by 25%.
Ideal design has placement of both high and low level vents. Good ventilation is provided by the arrangement shown in Figure 1 with soffits or eaves vents and roof vents. Ridge vents as found in many newer homes in place of roof vents will improve the ventilation. Less ideal but acceptable ventilation can be obtained with end gable vents and eaves vents.
For homes without an overhang or eaves for the placement of eaves vents, it is recommended that low side roof vents and gable vents be added to complement the high side roof vents. The goal should be to minimize the dead air space in the attic.
Air moves naturally through the attic space because of two forces:
1. Induction or wind force
2. The chimney effect
SOLAR SCREENS
Installing Solar Screens is the fastest ROI available. They are reasonably priced and easy to install.